Register For Our Mailing List

Register to receive our free weekly newsletter including editorials.

Home / 481

Why gold is often regarded as money

In his testimony before Congress in 1912, American financier and investment banker, J.P. Morgan stated:

“Gold is money. Everything else is credit.”

In this article we look at the definition of money and discuss why many still regard gold as ‘real’ money.

According to the classic definition, money must have three fundamental properties:

  1. It must function as a medium of exchange – that is any item that is widely accepted to facilitate transactions between buyers and sellers of goods and services.
  2. It must be a unit of account – that is a standard unit of measurement for the value of goods and services.
  3. It must also be a store of value – that is any item that holds its value over time.

Commodities as money

Money was invented because of the shortcomings of barter, the act of trading one good or service directly for another one.

Commodities – items for which there was consistent, broad-based demand – were particularly sought-after. These special items could be on-traded for a wider choice of goods at some time in the future. Thus, certain commodities acquired monetary value. 

Once commonly used in parts of Asia, Africa and Oceania, cowrie shells were a popular form of commodity money.

When the convict colony of New South Wales was established in 1788, the authorities saw no need for money. This policy led to the acceptance of rum (or strong alcoholic spirits) to fulfil the role.

As well as shells and alcohol, commodities used as mediums of exchange have included barley, salt, peppercorns, tea, cocoa beans, silk, silver and gold.

Of these, the last two were most widely acceptable and hence most strongly identified as money.

Why is gold valuable?

Some people argue gold has little or no intrinsic value. It’s undeniable, however, that its relative rarity and beauty has intoxicated humanity for millennia.

In The Power of Gold, Peter L. Bernstein, declares:

“Gold has motivated entire societies, torn economies to shreds, determined the fate of kings and emperors, inspired the most beautiful works of art, provoked horrible acts by one people against another, and driven men to endure intense hardship in the hope of finding instant wealth and annihilating uncertainty.”

Associated with power and wealth for as long as humanity’s collective memory can recall, gold has always been valuable and will continue to be so in the future. The first gold coins appeared in Lydia as long ago as the 6th century BC. The ancient Anatolian kingdom recognised other vital properties of gold as a suitable material for coins.

Gold is malleable enough to be easily worked, resistant to tarnish, and all but indestructible. As the prime example of commodity money, the value of gold coins is linked to their weight and precious metal content.

Representative money

The idea of ‘representative money’ emerged in Europe during the 17th century. Its roots lay in the receipts issued by goldsmiths to their depositors. Not only could these promissory notes be exchanged for their face value in metal, but they became a convenient way of making payments.

In 1694, the Bank of England was the first public bank to issue official notes which could be exchanged by the ‘bearer’ for gold.

By the late 19th century, many of the world’s paper currencies were pegged to gold at a set price per ounce under an international monetary system known as the Gold Standard.

Gold certificates, used as paper currency in the United States from 1882 to 1933, were freely convertible into gold coins. (Image credit: Public domain)

While the use of gold as an international means of valuing currencies was helpful in stabilising rates of exchange for trade, it also restricted governments’ ability to print money at will.

In this article, Nick Liondis states:

“The appeal of a gold standard is that it arrests control of the issuance of money out of the hands of imperfect human beings. With the physical quantity of gold acting as a limit to that issuance, a society can follow a simple rule to avoid the evils of inflation.”

However, the ever-increasing demand for paper money put the Gold Standard under enormous strain during the 20th century. Banks were simply unable to hold enough gold and the failure of the final effort to reform the system after World War II prompted US President Richard Nixon to announce the suspension of dollar convertibility to gold in 1971.

Fiat money

The new era hailed the predominance of ‘fiat money’. A Latin word meaning ‘let it be done’, fiat is defined in modern dictionary terms as a ‘decree’ or an ‘order’.

From this time on, the world’s major currencies were no longer linked to a physical commodity, but to the will (and creditworthiness) of the governments that issued them.

Fiat increases governments’ abilities to stimulate their economies by increasing the money supply – simply through printing more notes or through measures such as quantitative easing, which has been described as creating money out of thin air.

However, increasing the money supply faster than growth in real output is a major cause of inflation – the decline of purchasing power of a currency over time.

The curse of inflation

History is littered with examples of currencies that have fallen victim to extreme inflation, among them the German papiermark, Hungarian pengo and Zimbabwean dollar which became worthless in the face of rapidly-rising prices.

Even the mighty US dollar is far from immune from the effects of inflation. Since 1971, the greenback has lost huge amounts of purchasing power. According to inflationtool.com, average annual inflation in the US during this period to 2022 equals 3.99%, meaning that US$100 in 1971 are equivalent to US$735.97 today.

Inflation timeline in the United States (1971-2022)
(equivalence of US$100 due to compound inflation and CPI changes)


Source: inflationtool.com, accessed 19 September 2022.

This has serious implications for savers and investors, and challenges the contention that money, under its classic three-pronged definition, is a long-term store of value.

As George Selgin has written:

“To insist that money must serve as a ‘store of value’… begs the question: in what meaningful sense could Papiermarks be said to have served as a ‘store of value’ in Germany during the autumn of 1923?”

Where gold shines

Judged against this viewpoint, fiat currency fails the definition of money and yet even when it becomes almost worthless, continues to be regarded as a unit of account and medium of exchange.

On the other hand, gold, which served as money for a long period of time, no longer retains these two characteristics. You can’t easily buy something with a gold coin! What gold has done, however, is retain a historical store of value characteristic.

Among the studies that have analysed this assertion in depth is Roy Jastram’s seminal work The Golden Constant. Originally published in 1977, it examined gold’s purchasing power from 1560 in Britain and in the US from 1800. Economic adviser Jill Leyland, who updated the work to look deeper into the post-1971 world, said it is: “the first statistical proof of gold’s property as an inflation hedge over the centuries.”

Central banks around the world – the very institutions that replaced gold with paper – understand this well, evidenced by the continuation of their buying spree that’s now at a 30-year high. As the De Nederlandsche Bank is often quoted:

“A bar of gold always keeps its value. Crisis or not. That gives a safe feeling. The gold holdings of a central bank are therefore a beacon of confidence.”

What can we conclude?

From the above discussion, it’s possible to conclude that:

  • The role of paper money as an easy medium of exchange that is recognised and accepted globally will continue.
  • Inevitably, fiat currencies will remain subject to manipulation and failure.
  • Since 1971, the price of gold has floated against global currencies and as such rises whenever they weaken.
  • Although no longer a primary form of currency, gold can be used as an effective hedge against inflation.

Gold acts as an insurance policy against inflation and global uncertainties and is an asset diversification strategy for risk management.

 

Sawan Tanna is the Treasurer of The Perth Mint, a sponsor of Firstlinks. The information in this article is general information only and should not be taken as constituting professional advice from The Perth Mint. You should consider seeking independent financial advice to check how the information in this article relates to your unique circumstances.

For more articles and papers from The Perth Mint, click here.

 

5 Comments
michael
October 30, 2022

Does anybody else think gold is similar to bitcoin?
* there is a limited amount in existence;
* only a portion has been mined;
* value has more to do with trust, rather than usefulness;

There are other similarities. I am not suggesting either is a good investment.

David Edwards
October 30, 2022

Gentlemen! The argument that "there is not enough physical supply of gold to support a gold currency" misses the point. It is not a question of how many ounces of gold might be needed if a gold currency were to return. It is a question of the weight-value nexus. It is the value-per-troy-ounce that is critical. So, if there were only 1,000,000 one-ounce coins in existence (say), their value would be more or less as the international price of gold varied. The physical supply of coins could remain constant, while the VALUE would fluctuate. Whether any government would allow an official gold currency as a refuge from debased fiat money...there's another question!

David Edwards
October 27, 2022

Gold currency is fine as long as the face value of the coin (one guinea, one Krugerrand...) equals its inherent or current-market value of the metal. Maybe this worked from 1850-->1914 when inflation was negligible. Today, that would not work...remember the original 50c coins in Australia? The metal-value well exceeded the face-value of 50c. Still does, by about 2,000%. So, if there were to be a gold coinage as an alternative to a fiat currency which might be quickly debased (eg., the Zimbambwean $), why not have a gold coinage by WEIGHT rather than nominated or face value? Thus a one-ounce, half-ounce, two-ounce coin would be valued at the daily international gold price and offer an alternative to debased fiat currency

Wildcat
October 29, 2022

There's not enough gold unless it goes to $100k an ounce or some stupid number. There is purportedly only 100m3 (100m cubic block) of gold ever produced in history.

Rome started quantitative easing by melting down sestertius and diluting the silver to print ever more coins. This worked really well until it didn't and the empire collapsed. This is just history repeating itself and gold will be the primary store of value once again, along with things you can drop on your foot. Property, commodities etc. Any paper asset will only be good to warm you in the winter.

Dudley
October 29, 2022

'All of the gold discovered thus far would fit in a cube that is 23 meters wide on every side.'
https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-much-gold-has-been-found-world

 

Leave a Comment:

RELATED ARTICLES

Can the battling Aussie dollar find a friend?

Will gold continue to shine in 2023?

Is it finally time to move on from crypto after FTX?

banner

Most viewed in recent weeks

2024/25 super thresholds – key changes and implications

The ATO has released all the superannuation rates and thresholds that will apply from 1 July 2024. Here's what’s changing and what’s not, and some key considerations and opportunities in the lead up to 30 June and beyond.

Five months on from cancer diagnosis

Life has radically shifted with my brain cancer, and I don’t know if it will ever be the same again. After decades of writing and a dozen years with Firstlinks, I still want to contribute, but exactly how and when I do that is unclear.

Uncomfortable truths: The real cost of living in retirement

How useful are the retirement savings and spending targets put out by various groups such as ASFA? Not very, and it's reducing the ability of ordinary retirees to fully understand their retirement income options.

Is Australia ready for its population growth over the next decade?

Australia will have 3.7 million more people in a decade's time, though the growth won't be evenly distributed. Over 85s will see the fastest growth, while the number of younger people will barely rise. 

Why LICs may be close to bottoming

Investor disgust, consolidation, de-listings, price discounts, activist investors entering - it’s what typically happens at business cycle troughs, and it’s happening to LICs now. That may present a potential opportunity.

The public servants demanding $3m super tax exemption

The $3 million super tax will capture retired, and soon to retire, public servants and politicians who are members of defined benefit superannuation schemes. Lobbying efforts for exemptions to the tax are intensifying.

Latest Updates

Shares

Exploiting Warren Buffett

Growth investors are using Buffett to justify buying blue chip stocks at almost any price. It’s a recipe for potential disaster, as investors in market darlings like CBA and Cochlear may be about to find out.

Property

Population density trends and what they mean for housing

With Australia’s population moving through the fastest rate of growth since the 1950s, our cities and towns are naturally densifying. This is a look at the latest trends and how they will impact the property market.

SMSF strategies

The ultimate superannuation EOFY checklist 2024

We're nearing the end of the financial year and it's time for SMSFs and other super funds to make the most of the strategies available to them. Here's a 24-point checklist of the most important issues to address.

Shares

The outlook for Nvidia, from a long-time investor

Nvidia has taken the world by storm and is now the third largest stock on the planet - larger than Meta, Amazon, and Alphabet. Here is the latest take on Nvidia from a fund manager who first invested in the company in 2016.

Economy

Gross National Happiness?

Despite being richer, surveyed measures of happiness have been flat to falling in Australia. Some suggest we should focus less on GDP and more on broader measures of wellbeing, though there are pros and cons to that approach.

Shares

The power of dividends

In an era where growth companies dominate and the likes of Nvidia grab all of the attention, dividend paying stocks are flying under the radar. Some of these stocks offer compelling prospective returns.

Fixed interest

The best opportunities in fixed income right now

After more than a decade of pitiful yields, bonds are back offering better prospects for income investors. What are the best ways to take advantage of the market inefficiencies in Australian fixed income?

Sponsors

Alliances

© 2024 Morningstar, Inc. All rights reserved.

Disclaimer
The data, research and opinions provided here are for information purposes; are not an offer to buy or sell a security; and are not warranted to be correct, complete or accurate. Morningstar, its affiliates, and third-party content providers are not responsible for any investment decisions, damages or losses resulting from, or related to, the data and analyses or their use. To the extent any content is general advice, it has been prepared for clients of Morningstar Australasia Pty Ltd (ABN: 95 090 665 544, AFSL: 240892), without reference to your financial objectives, situation or needs. For more information refer to our Financial Services Guide. You should consider the advice in light of these matters and if applicable, the relevant Product Disclosure Statement before making any decision to invest. Past performance does not necessarily indicate a financial product’s future performance. To obtain advice tailored to your situation, contact a professional financial adviser. Articles are current as at date of publication.
This website contains information and opinions provided by third parties. Inclusion of this information does not necessarily represent Morningstar’s positions, strategies or opinions and should not be considered an endorsement by Morningstar.